HW2. Due September 27

Exercise: Show that if $L$ is the Laplace operator on $\mathbb{R}^n$, then for $t > 0$, $\mathbf{P}_t f (x)=\frac{1}{(4\pi t)^{\frac{n}{2}}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} e^{-\frac{\|x-y\|^2}{4t} } f(y)dy.$

Exercise: Let $L$ be an essentially self-adjoint diffusion operator on $\mathcal{C}_c (\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$. Show that if the constant function $1 \in \mathcal{D}(L)$ and if $L1=0$, then $\mathbf{P}_t 1=1.$

Exercise: Let $L$ be an essentially self-adjoint diffusion operator on $\mathcal{C}_c (\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$

• Show that for every $\lambda > 0$, the range of the operator $\lambda \mathbf{Id}-L$ is dense in $\mathbf{L}_{\mu}^2 (\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$.
• By using the spectral theorem, show that the following limit holds for the operator norm on $\mathbf{L}_{\mu}^2 (\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$, $\mathbf{P}_t=\lim_{n \to +\infty} \left( \mathbf{Id} -\frac{t}{n} L\right)^{-n}.$

Exercise: As usual, we denote by $\Delta$ the Laplace operator on $\mathbb{R}^n$. The Mac-Donald’s function with index $\nu \in \mathbb{R}$ is defined for $x \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{ 0 \}$ by $K_\nu (x)=\frac{1}{2} \left( \frac{x}{2} \right)^\nu \int_0^{+\infty} \frac{e^{-\frac{x^2}{4t} -t}}{t^{1+\nu}} dt$.

• Show that for $\lambda \in \mathbb{R}^n$ and $\alpha > 0$, $\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{n/2}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} e^{i \langle \lambda , x \rangle} \left( \frac{\| x \| }{\sqrt{\alpha}} \right)^{1-\frac{n}{2}} K_{\frac{n}{2}-1} (\sqrt{\alpha} \| x \| ) dx=\frac{1}{\alpha +\| \lambda \|^2}.$
• Show that for $\nu \in \mathbb{R}$, $K_{-\nu}=K_\nu$.
• Show that $K_{1/2}(x)=\sqrt {\frac{\pi}{2x}} e^{-x}.$
• Prove that for $f \in \mathbf{L}^2 (\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$ and $\alpha > 0$, $(\alpha\mathbf{Id}-\Delta)^{-1} f (x)=\int_{\mathbb{R}^n} G_\alpha (x-y) f(y) dy,$ where $G_\alpha(x)=\frac{1}{(2\pi)^{n/2}} \left( \frac{\| x \| }{\sqrt{\alpha}} \right)^{1-\frac{n}{2}} K_{\frac{n}{2}-1} (\sqrt{\alpha} \| x \| ).$ (You may use Fourier transform to solve the partial differential equation $\alpha g -\Delta g=f$).

Exercise: By using the previous exercise, prove that for $f \in \mathbf{L}^2 (\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$, $\lim_{n \to + \infty} \left(\mathbf{Id} -\frac{t}{n} \Delta \right)^{-n} f =\frac{1}{(4\pi t)^{\frac{n}{2}}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} e^{-\frac{\|x-y\|^2}{4t} } f(y)dy,$ the limit being taken in $\mathbf{L}^2 (\mathbb{R}^n,\mathbb{R})$. Conclude that almost everywhere, $\mathbf{P}_t f (x)=\frac{1}{(4\pi t)^{\frac{n}{2}}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^n} e^{-\frac{\|x-y\|^2}{4t} } f(y)dy.$

This entry was posted in Diffusions on manifolds. Bookmark the permalink.